What is the primary cause of swelling in the optic disc known as papilledema?

The primary cause of swelling in the optic disc, termed papilledema, is increased intracranial pressure. When intracranial pressure rises, it can lead to elevation of the optic disc due to fluid accumulation. This occurs because the optic nerve is surrounded by cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and changes in this pressure can affect the appearance of the optic nerve head.

Increased intracranial pressure can result from various conditions such as tumors, hemorrhages, or inflammation within the brain, leading to the characteristic swelling. Monitoring for papilledema is essential, as it can be indicative of serious underlying conditions that require further medical evaluation and intervention.

While other conditions like ocular infections, optic nerve damage, or retinal detachment may affect the eye, they do not specifically cause the swelling associated with papilledema, which is directly linked to changes in the pressure surrounding the brain and the optic nerve.